Linux packages

To add the necessary modules to the Linux kernel, the setup program needs the following Linux packages:

• The package with kernel headers or sources. The package version must match the kernel version.

• The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) compiler system. The GCC version must be the one with which the kernel was compiled.

• The Make tool.

• The Perl interpreter.

• The libelf-dev, libelf-devel, or elfutils-libelf-devel libraries for building kernels starting with 4.15 and configured with CONFIG_UNWINDER_ORC=y. For some distributions, such as Fedora 28, they need to be installed separately from kernel headers.

The names of these packages vary depending on your Linux distribution.

In Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS, and Fedora, the packages normally will be installed by the setup program. In other distributions, you need to install the packages if they are not installed or do not have the required versions.

Are the required packages already installed?

To check whether the packages are already installed, perform these steps:

1. Run the following command to find out the kernel version and the required GCC version:

   cat /proc/version

   This command returns lines similar to the following: Linux version 2.6.35.6 and gcc version 4.5.1

2. Run the following command to check whether the Make tool and the GCC compiler are installed:

   make -v
   gcc -v

   For gcc, ensure that the version returned by the command is the same as in the gcc version in step 1. For make, just ensure that the command runs.

3. Check whether the appropriate version of the packages for building kernel modules is installed:

   • In Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS, and Fedora, run the following command:

     yum list installed | grep kernel-devel

   • In Ubuntu, run the following commands:

     dpkg --get-selections | grep linux-headers
     dpkg --get-selections | grep linux-image

   In either case, ensure that the package versions are the same as in Linux version in step 1.

4. Run the following command to check whether the Perl interpreter is installed:

   perl --version

   If you see the information about the Perl version, the interpreter is installed.

5. In Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS, and Fedora, run the following command to check whether elfutils-libelf-devel is installed:

   yum list installed | grep elfutils-libelf-devel

   If you see the information about the library version, the library is installed.

Installing the packages from the repository

The following table lists how to install the required packages in various Linux distributions.

Linux distribution	Package names	How to install
Red Hat Enterprise Linux	kernel-devel gcc make elfutils-libelf-devel	The setup program will download and install the packages automatically by using your Red Hat subscription.
perl	Run the following command: yum install perl
CentOS Fedora	kernel-devel gcc make elfutils-libelf-devel	The setup program will download and install the packages automatically.
perl	Run the following command: yum install perl
Ubuntu Debian	linux-headers linux-image gcc make perl	Run the following commands: sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install linux-headers-$(uname -r) sudo apt-get install linux-image-$(uname -r) sudo apt-get install gcc-<package version> sudo apt-get install make sudo apt-get install perl
SUSE Linux OpenSUSE	kernel-source gcc make perl	sudo zypper install kernel-source sudo zypper install gcc sudo zypper install make sudo zypper install perl

The packages will be downloaded from the distribution's repository and installed.

For other Linux distributions, please refer to the distribution's documentation regarding the exact names of the required packages and the ways to install them.

Installing the packages manually

You may need to install the packages manually if:

• The machine does not have an active Red Hat subscription or Internet connection.

• The setup program cannot find the kernel-devel or gcc version corresponding to the kernel version. If the available kernel-devel is more recent than your kernel, you need to either update the kernel or install the matching kernel-devel version manually.

• You have the required packages on the local network and do not want to spend time for automatic search and downloading.

Obtain the packages from your local network or a trusted third-party website, and install them as follows:

• In Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS, or Fedora, run the following command as the root user:

  rpm -ivh PACKAGE_FILE1 PACKAGE_FILE2 PACKAGE_FILE3

• In Ubuntu, run the following command:

  sudo dpkg -i PACKAGE_FILE1 PACKAGE_FILE2 PACKAGE_FILE3

Example: Installing the packages manually in Fedora 14

Follow these steps to install the required packages in Fedora 14 on a 32-bit machine:

1. Run the following command to determine the kernel version and the required GCC version:

   cat /proc/version

   The output of this command includes the following:

   Linux version 2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686
   gcc version 4.5.1

2. Obtain the kernel-devel and gcc packages that correspond to this kernel version:

   kernel-devel-2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686.rpm
   gcc-4.5.1-4.fc14.i686.rpm

3. Obtain the make package for Fedora 14:

   make-3.82-3.fc14.i686

4. Install the packages by running the following commands as the root user:

   rpm -ivh kernel-devel-2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686.rpm
   rpm -ivh gcc-4.5.1.fc14.i686.rpm
   rpm -ivh make-3.82-3.fc14.i686

   You can specify all these packages in a single rpm command. Installing any of these packages may require installing additional packages to resolve dependencies.